Jan. 4, 2013 ? In many cases, obesity is caused by more than just overeating and a lack of exercise. Something in the body goes haywire, causing it to store more fat and burn less energy. But what is it? Sanford-Burnham researchers have a new theory -- a protein called p62. According to a study the team published December 21 in the Journal of Clinical Investigation, when p62 is missing in fat tissue, the body's metabolic balance shifts -- inhibiting "good" brown fat, while favoring "bad" white fat. These findings indicate that p62 might make a promising target for new therapies aimed at curbing obesity.
"Without p62 you're making lots of fat but not burning energy, and the body thinks it needs to store energy," said Jorge Moscat, Ph.D., Sanford-Burnham professor. "It's a double whammy." Moscat led the study with collaborators at Helmholtz Zentrum M?nchen in Germany and the University of Cincinnati.
p62 and obesity
Moscat's team had previously produced mice that completely lack the p62 protein everywhere in their bodies. As a result, the animals were obese. They also had metabolic syndrome. In other words, as compared to mice with p62, mice lacking p62 weighed more, expended less energy, had diabetes and had a hyper-inflammatory response that's characteristic of obesity.
While those results showed that the lack of p62 leads to obesity, "we didn't know which tissue was responsible for these effects, because p62 was missing in all of them," Moscat said.
Some researchers believe that muscle tissue, where energy is expended, controls obesity. Others suspect the liver is a key player, or that the brain's appetite control center is most responsible for obesity.
But then there's fat itself -- both white fat and brown fat. White fat is the type we think of as unwanted body fat. Brown fat, on the other hand, is beneficial because it burns calories. Many researchers now believe that brown fat somehow malfunctions in obesity, but the details are unclear.
p62 shifts the balance between white fat and brown fat
In their latest study, Moscat and colleagues set out to pinpoint the specific tissue responsible for obesity when p62 is missing. They made several different mouse models, each missing p62 in just one specific organ system, such as the central nervous system, the liver, or muscle. In every case, the mice were normal. They weren't obese like the mice lacking p62 everywhere.
Then they made a mouse model lacking p62 only in their fat tissue. These mice were obese, just like the mice missing p62 in all tissues. Upon further study, the researchers found that p62 blocks the action of an enzyme called ERK while activating another enzyme called p38. When p62 is missing, the enzyme p38 is less active in brown fat, while ERK is more active in white fat. As a result, Moscat said, p62 is "a master regulator" in normal fat metabolism.
According to Moscat, the discovery of p62's role in brown fat tissue is encouraging, because fat tissue is much more accessible than other parts of the body -- the brain, for example -- for potential drug therapies. "This makes it easier to think about new strategies to control obesity," he said.
New methods for preventing or treating obesity, a major epidemic in the United States, are urgently needed. Drug therapies designed to minimize the intake of food have had limited success and also produce considerable side effects.
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute. The original article was written by Bruce Lieberman.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
- Timo D. M?ller, Sang Jun Lee, Martin Jastroch, Dhiraj Kabra, Kerstin Stemmer, Michaela Aichler, Bill Abplanalp, Gayathri Ananthakrishnan, Nakul Bhardwaj, Sheila Collins, Senad Divanovic, Max Endele, Brian Finan, Yuanqing Gao, Kirk M. Habegger, Jazzmin Hembree, Kristy M. Heppner, Susanna Hofmann, Jenna Holland, Daniela K?chler, Maria Kutschke, Radha Krishna, Maarit Lehti, Rebecca Oelkrug, Nickki Ottaway, Diego Perez-Tilve, Christine Raver, Axel K. Walch, Sonja C. Schriever, John Speakman, Yu-Hua Tseng, Maria Diaz-Meco, Paul T. Pfluger, Jorge Moscat, Matthias H. Tsch?p. p62 Links ?-adrenergic input to mitochondrial function and thermogenesis. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2012; 123 (1): 469 DOI: 10.1172/JCI64209
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
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Unlike a lot of other endangered species, the Florida manatee didn?t have all that bad a year in 2012. Only 392 manatees were found dead in Florida last year (pdf), according to the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. This figure is a drop from 453 in 2011 (pdf) and well below the record high of 766 in 2010 (pdf). Florida has been tracking manatee deaths since 1974, when the population was maybe 20 percent what it is today and the state recorded just seven fatalities. Numbers of both manatees and fatalities steadily rose through the ensuing decades; last year?s deaths are slightly below the annual average for this century. Today an estimated 4,000 to 5,000 manatees currently swim in the waters around Florida and, more rarely, surrounding states.
Cold water and boaters aren?t the only threats. Manatees also have a very low genetic diversity, which could leave them vulnerable to inbreeding problems or disease outbreak, according to a study released last month by researchers from the University of Florida and the U.S. Geological Survey. Luckily, the animals do not show any current signs of inbreeding.
